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==Clown==
 
==Clown==
  
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The Durovs form one of Russia’s most prestigious circus dynasties; from the brothers Vladimir and Anatoly Durov, the founders of the circus dynasty, to a host of Anatolys, Vladimirs, Yurys, Natalias and Terezas, all bearing the Durov name, they have given the Russian circus an impressive number of talented clowns, animal trainers, and entertainment entrepreneurs—and a few actors too.
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The Durovs are among Russia’s most prestigious circus dynasties. From the brothers Vladimir and Anatoly Durov, the founders of the circus dynasty, to a host of Anatolys, Vladimirs, Yurys, Natalias, and Terezas, all bearing the Durov name, they have given the Russian circus an impressive number of talented clowns, animal trainers, and entertainment entrepreneurs—and a few actors too.
  
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Anatoly and Vladimir Durov have often been associated in Soviet circus lore with the Bolshevist revolution and the dawn of the Communist era: As clowns-satirists who played an anarchistic stance against an autocratic Tsar and his government, they naturally became popular heroes in the last decades of an unpopular regime. The Soviet regime, always eager to play the populist card, would not hesitate to later claim them as its own.
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In Soviet circus lore, Anatoly and Vladimir Durov are often associated with the Bolshevik revolution. As clown-satirists who took an anarchistic stance against the autocratic tsarist government, they became popular heroes in the waning decades of the Russian Empire. The Soviet regime, always eager to play the populist card, did not hesitate to claim them as its own.
  
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Indeed, Anatoly Durov, the most virulent of the two brothers, was averse to, and fought acidly in the ring, all forms of authority—but in all likelihood, he would have kept the same attitude under the Soviet regime, had he only lived to see it. As for Vladimir, who became a celebrated, iconic figure in the Soviet era, he eventually gave up true clowning, specialized in animal training, and just played the game. For the Durovs were above all true survivors, whatever the regime and the circumstances. As a matter of fact, the Durovs’s origins didn’t fit so well with Soviet ideals.
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In fact, however, Anatoly Durov—the more virulent of the two brothers—was opposed to any form of authority; it's reasonable to assume, therefore, that, had he lived to see it, he would have rejected the authority of the Soviet regime. As for Vladimir, who became an iconic figure in the Soviet era, he eventually gave up clowning, came to specialize in animal training, and just followed the path of political correctness. For the Durovs, like most popular entertainers of their time, were first and foremost intent on surviving and succeeding, whatever the regime and the circumstances. As a matter of fact, the Durov family's origins clashed with Soviet ideology.
  
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==The Durov Family==   
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===The Durov Family===   
  
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Anatoly Leonidevich Durov was born on November 26, 1864 to a wealthy aristocratic family in Moscow. He was the fifth child and second son of Leonid Dmitrievich Durov (1832-1867), a hereditary Lord of the Province of Moscow, who was an officer in the Moscow Police—a job he did more by passion than by necessity. Anatoly’s brother, [[Vladimir Durov|Vladimir Leonidevich]] (1863-1934), was a little more than one year his elder.  
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Anatoly Leonidevich Durov was born on November 26, 1864 to a wealthy aristocratic family in Moscow. He was the fifth child and second son of Leonid Dmitrievich Durov (1832-67), a hereditary Lord from the Province of Moscow, who was an officer in the Moscow Police—a job he did more because he wanted to than because he had to. Anatoly’s brother, [[Vladimir Durov|Vladimir Leonidevich]] (1863-1934), was his elder by a year.  
  
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The Durov name was well known, since the family had already produced a celebrity: Nadezhda Durova, remembered in Russian history as the ''Cavalry Girl'', was Anatoly’s grandaunt. Dressed as a man, she had enrolled in a cavalry regiment to fight Napoleon’s armies in 1812. She is said to have received a medal from the hands of Field-Marshall Kutuzov, the victor of Napoleon. Celebrated by Pushkin, Nadezhda eventually became a successful writer.  
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The Durov name was well known in Russia: The family had already produced a celebrity, Nadezhda Durova (1783-1866). Remembered in Russian history as the ''Cavalry Girl'', Nadezhda was Anatoly’s grandaunt. Dressed as a man, she had enrolled in a cavalry regiment to fight Napoleon’s advance in 1812. She is said to have received a medal from the hand of Field-Marshall Kutuzov, the man who had defeated Napoleon. Celebrated by Pushkin, Nadezhda eventually became a successful writer.  
  
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Anatoly Durov had three elder sisters, Margarita (1854-?); Konkordya (1860-?) – a descendent of who was the famous Russian actor Lev Durov; Liudmila (1862-?); and a younger sister, Valentina (1866-1940). Anatoly’s mother, Maria Dmitrievna Durova (1833-1866), probably suffered from complications caused by Valentina’s birth: she died soon after, in 1866. Anatoly was only two years old. Devastated, Anatoly’s father drank himself to death, and began suffering from hallucinations; he died a year later, in 1867.
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Anatoly Durov had three elder sisters: Margarita (1854-?); Konkordya (1860-?), among whose descendants is Lev Durov, the famous Russian actor; Lyudmila (1862-?); and a younger sister, Valentina (1866-1940). Anatoly’s mother, Maria Dmitrievna Durova (1833-1866), probably suffered from complications caused by Valentina’s birth: she died soon after, in 1866. Anatoly was only two years old at the time. Devastated, Anatoly’s father began to drink himself to death. He suffered from hallucinations and died a year later, in 1867.
  
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Vladimir and Anatoly were put in the care of their godfather, Nikolai Zakharovich Zakharov, a rich and brilliant lawyer and occasional playwright, whose work had been produced successfully at the Maly Theater in Moscow. (He was also an incorrigible gambler: He would eventually commit suicide over a gambling debt.) Zakharov sent Vladimir and Anatoly to a Military Academy—where, in all probability, Anatoly developed his enduring loathing for all forms of authority.
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Vladimir and Anatoly were put in the care of their godfather, Nikolai Zakharovich Zakharov, a wealthy and brilliant lawyer and occasional playwright, whose work had been produced successfully at the Maly Theater in Moscow. (He was also an inveterate gambler. He would eventually commit suicide over a gambling debt.) Zakharov sent Vladimir and Anatoly to a military academy. Likely it was at the academy that Anatoly developed his lifelong loathing for all forms of authority.
  
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==Circus Beginnings==
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===Circus Beginnings===
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The brothers had developed a passion for circus acrobatics, which they much preferred to academic studies and military exercises. This eventually led to their being expelled from the Academy. Left to their own devices, Vladimir and Anatoly hired with the money their godfather gave them an Italian acrobat from the troupe of [[Carl Magnus Hinné]], Angelo Briatore, to become their teacher. Briatore taught them the basics of acrobatics the old circus way: with much whipping. When Zakharov discovered it, he got rid of Briatore.
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Then, around 1878, Vladimir and Anatoly learned a trapeze act with Otto Kleist, a balagan acrobat, and they finally made their performing debut in 1879, in the balagan of V.A. Weinstok in Tver’ (a city north of Moscow). Later, they worked in the balagan of Rinaldo, a magician, and they finally joined the Robinson-Nicolet troupe—a significant status change since the troupe worked in circuses. They left Robinson-Nicolet after Anatoly had an argument with his employers in 1881—the first of many arguments that would plague Anatoly’s career. Probably because of that, the brothers separated.
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The brothers much preferred circus acrobatics to academic studies and military exercises. This passion eventually led to their being expelled from the academy. Left to their own devices, Vladimir and Anatoly used the money their godfather had given them to hire as their teacher Angelo Briatore, an Italian acrobat from the troupe of [[Carl Magnus Hinné]]. Briatore taught them the basics of acrobatics in the old way: with much whipping. When Zakharov discovered the physical abuse, he got rid of Briatore.  
  
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After leaving Robinson-Nicolet, Anatoly auditioned for the Italian director Massimiliano Truzzi, who had created one of Russia’s most important circus companies and was looking for a solo clown. Devoid of any clowning experience, Anatoly nonetheless improvised on classic material, mostly spoken, and got the job. He made his debut in 1882 with Truzzi, in his circus in Voronezh—a city Anatoly would eventually make his home.  
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Around 1878, Otto Kleist, a balagan acrobat, taught Vladimir and Anatoly a trapeze act. The following year, the brothers made their performing debut in the balagan of V.A. Weinstok in Tver’, a city north of Moscow. They also worked in the balagan of Rinaldo, a magician, before finally joining the Robinson-Nicolet troupe—a significant step up, given that the troupe worked in circuses. They left Robinson-Nicolet in 1881 after Anatoly had an argument with his employers—the first of many arguments that would plague Anatoly’s career. It was probably because of Anatoly's temperament that the brothers separated.
  
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Truzzi’s troupe, which was mostly composed of German performers, used young Anatoly as the butt of their jokes, for which Anatoly showed little sense of humor: he would develop a life-long anti-German sentiment, even though the mother of his children would be a German equestrienne. As was becoming a habit, Anatoly left Truzzi over an argument in 1884. He then hassled the great German director Albert Schumann, who was renting Hinné’s old circus in Moscow, to get a job as a clown. His insistence eventually paid off. This was Moscow at last, and that meant big time. The talented and tenacious Anatoly was on his way to stardom.
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[[File:Anatoly_Durov_-_Buggy.jpg|thumb|right|450px|Anatoly Durov in the ring (c.1900)]]After leaving Robinson-Nicolet, Anatoly auditioned for the Italian director [[Massimiliano Truzzi Sr|Massimiliano Truzzi]], who had created one of Russia’s most important circus companies and was looking for a solo clown. Lacking any clowning experience, Anatoly improvised on classic material, mostly spoken, and got the job. He made his debut in 1882 with Truzzi, in his circus in Voronezh, a city Anatoly would eventually make his home.  
  
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Meanwhile, in 1881, Vladimir had found work as an assistant animal trainer in Hugo Winkler’s menagerie, which had settled on Tsvetnoi Boulevard in Moscow. He became an able trainer of small animals, and in 1884, following in his brother’s footsteps, he began to perform as a clown, using trained animals as partners, which greatly irritated Anatoly. From the outset, Anatoly had used a pig and other animals as comedy partners in his act, and they would become a Durov trademark. For the rest of his life, Anatoly would see his brother as a usurper and a competition, and the relationship between them deteriorated.  
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Truzzi’s troupe, which was mostly composed of German performers, used young Anatoly as the butt of their jokes, for which Anatoly showed precious little sense of humor: he would develop a lifelong anti-German sentiment, even though the mother of his children would be a German equestrienne. As was becoming a habit of his, Anatoly left Truzzi over an argument in 1884. He then hassled the great German director [[Albert Schumann]], who was renting Hinné’s old circus in Moscow, to get a job as a clown. His insistence paid off. At last he had reached Moscow—the big time. The talented and tenacious Anatoly was on his way to stardom.
  
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==Anatoly vs. Vladimir==
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Meanwhile, in 1881, Vladimir found work as an assistant animal trainer in Hugo Winkler’s menagerie, which had settled on Tsvetnoi Boulevard in Moscow. He became an able trainer of small animals, and in 1884, following in his brother’s footsteps, he began to perform as a clown, using trained animals as partners, which greatly irritated Anatoly. From the outset, Anatoly had used a pig and other animals as comedy partners in his act, and they would become a Durov trademark. For the rest of his life, Anatoly would consider his brother a thief and competitor; the relationship between them rapidly deteriorated.
  
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Anatoly’s (and Vladimir’s, for that matter) subsequent success as a clown-satirist came from the fact that, unlike other clowns in Russia at the time, who were mostly Italian or French, or came from the unrefined balagans, he could express himself in an excellent and very articulate Russian. He had also an intensely Russian sense of humor, and he could easily convey his wit in a manner other clowns couldn’t handle that well. Anatoly used a very direct, right-in-your-face, sometimes frankly insulting kind of humor, without fear of the consequences: As a result, he would often have serious problems with local authorities—and not only in Russia.  
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===Anatoly vs. Vladimir===
  
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Anatoly Durov also developed, over the years, an extravagant off-stage persona: he traveled with an entourage that consisted of his wife (or legitimate mistress, for he was never married to his live-in companions, Tereza Stadtler and, later, Elena Gertel), his mistress of the moment, and a couple of twin menservants who were always tall and exotic—Asian, Idian, or African—and changed every year. When, at the peak of his fame, Anatoly paraded in a new town with his retinue, the circus where he worked couldn’t dream of better publicity gimmick.
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The brothers' success as clowns-satirists came from the fact that, unlike other clowns in Russia, who were mostly Italian or French, or came from the unrefined balagans, they could express himself in crisp, articulate Russian. They also had an intensely Russian sense of humor, and they could easily convey their wit in a manner other clowns couldn’t match. Anatoly used a direct, in-your-face, occasionally insulting brand of humor, without fear of the consequences. As a result, he would often have serious problems with local authorities—and not only in Russia.  
  
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In the ring, Anatoly’s clown character evolved over the years from a classic clown, not very different, physically, from other clowns of his time, to what would eventually be the Durov image: A traditional whiteface clown costume, with sequin ornaments, a white collerette and a small shoulder cape, and practically no makeup. He always entered the ring very ceremonially, walking around and acknowledging his audience, and then he would start with a monologue, after which he played up the attitudes of his animals. Vladimir would adopt a style very similar to his brother’s.  
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[[File:Anatoly_Durov_Portrait.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Anatoly Durov (1911)]]Over the years, Anatoly also developed an extravagant off-stage persona: he traveled with an entourage that consisted of his wife (or "legitimate mistress," for he never married his companions, Tereza Stadtler and, later, Elena Gertel), his mistress of the moment, and a pair of twin menservants who were always tall and exotic—Asian, Indian, or African—and who changed every year. When, at the peak of his fame, Anatoly paraded into a new town with his retinue, the local circuses couldn’t hope for a more effective publicity stunt.
  
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When, around 1884, their godfather saw the brothers perform, he suggested they resume their education—which Vladimir did: he graduated from a Teachers’ College, and followed the classes of neurophysiologist I. M. Sechenov (‘the father of Russian physiology,’ who, with I. P. Pavlov, studied animal reflexes) as a free auditor. In 1887, Vladimir returned to the circus, however, and made his debut as a full-fledged clown-satirist and animal trainer at Circus Salamonsky in Moscow—Russia’s most prestigious circus after St. Petersburg’s Circus Ciniselli.  
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In the ring, Anatoly’s clown character evolved over the years from a classic clown—one not very different, physically, from other clowns of his time—to what would eventually become the Durov image: a traditional whiteface clown costume, with sequin ornaments, a white collerette and a small shoulder cape, and practically no makeup. He would enter the ring with great ceremony, walking around and acknowledging his audience, and then he would launch into a monologue, after which he would play up the attitudes of his animals. Vladimir would adopt a very similar style.  
  
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Vladimir, wittier and more creative, became in time the more successful of the two brothers; his talent as an animal trainer was also a significant factor in his success, and Anatoly increased the use of animals in his act mostly as an attempt to match his brother’s appeal. But Anatoly was often criticized for announcing more in that department than he was able to produce: when he was performing at Circus Baranski, someone complained that instead of the troupe of animals he had advertised, he had “only a couple of rats and a pelican.” Unlike Vladimir, Anatoly used only a handful of animals (pigs, geese and turkeys were his favorites), and his training remained basic: He would always be a clown first and foremost.  
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When, around 1884, their godfather saw the brothers perform, he suggested they resume their education—which Vladimir did: he graduated from a teachers’ college and audited the classes of neurophysiologist Ivam Mikhailovich Sechenov, "the father of Russian physiology," who, with Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, studied animal reflexes. In 1887, Vladimir returned to the circus, however, and made his debut as a full-fledged clown-satirist and animal trainer at [[The Circuses of Moscow|Circus Salamonsky]] in Moscow, Russia’s second most prestigious circus, after St. Petersburg’s [[Circus Ciniselli]].  
  
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In 1913, Vladimir and Anatoly performed at the same time in St. Petersburg, Vladimir at A. Marshan’s ''Cirque Moderne'', where he had staged Pushkin’s fables with his animals, and Anatoly at Circus Ciniselli. Vladimir got the best reviews; one of them stated: “The biggest success was Vladimir’s, whose animal training was much better, and jokes were funnier.” This didn’t please Anatoly too much, and his response showed more spite than wit: since Vladimir was announced as "the Elder Durov," Anatoly asked to be advertised as "the Older Elder Durov."
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Vladimir, wittier and more creative than his brother, became in time the more successful of the two; his talent as an animal trainer was also a significant factor in his success. Anatoly's increased use of animals in his act was mostly an attempt to keep pace with his brother, and he was often criticized for promising more than he was capable of delivering: when he was performing at Circus Baranski, for instance, someone complained that instead of the troupe of animals he had advertised, he had “only a couple of rats and a pelican.” Unlike Vladimir, Anatoly used only a handful of animals (pigs, geese, and turkeys were his favorites), and what he did with them remained basic in terms of pure training. He would always be first and foremost a clown.  
  
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==In And Out of Russia==
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In 1913, Vladimir and Anatoly performed at the same time in St. Petersburg, Vladimir at the [[The Circuses of St. Petersburg|Cirque Moderne]], where he had staged Pushkin’s fables, and Anatoly at Circus Ciniselli. Vladimir got better reviews, one of which stated: “The biggest success was Vladimir’s, whose animal training was much better, and jokes were funnier.” This didn’t please Anatoly, whose response showed more spite than wit: since Vladimir was announced as "the Elder Durov," Anatoly asked to be advertised as "the Older Elder Durov."
  
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In the ring, Anatoly Durov remained the most caustic of the two brothers. Vladimir’s true calling was animal training, and this would increasingly become, in time, his principal activity. But Anatoly’s acerbic jokes against the police, the bureaucrats, the aristocracy, and any kind of established authority eventually got him into serious trouble in Russia—to the point where he found it judicious to leave the country for a little while, in order to calm down the strong resentment the powerful victims of his sarcastic wit were developing against him.
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===In And Out of Russia===
  
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In 1890, Anatoly and his usual menagerie embarked on a very successful Western European tour that took them to Austria-Hungary, Germany, Spain, Italy, and France. Durov’s old grudge came out in Germany, a country that revived memories of his debut at Circus Truzzi, and whose authoritarian regime played against his grain. At Zirkus Renz, in Berlin, Anatoly played with his usual porcine partner, whom he had named Will for the occasion. According to the clown [[Béby Frediani]], the pig wore a Prussian helmet (Helm, in German) in the ring, and tried desperately to get rid of it. In his feinted attempts to keep him in check, Anatoly shouted at his pig: “Will, Helm!” Wilhelm, of course, was the name of the Kaiser: Durov was arrested, and not so politely asked to leave Berlin at once…
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[[Image:Douroff_poster_(1891).jpg|thumb|right|300px|Durov in Paris (1891)]]In the ring, Anatoly remained the more caustic of the two brothers. Vladimir’s true calling was animal training, and this would increasingly become his principal activity. But Anatoly’s acerbic jokes against the police, the bureaucrats, the aristocracy—against  any kind of established authority—eventually landed him in serious trouble, to the point where he found it wise to leave Russia for a time.
  
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Back to Russia, Anatoly began to gradually lose his appeal. His critical attitude toward the powers that be was of a purely negative nature. He appears to have been, by disposition, a disgruntled man who took pleasure in insulting those who made his life difficult—whether the Mayor of a city, or a simple policeman. But when the political changes one may have thought he longed for eventually began to emerge, he didn’t know what to make of them: He was by no means a revolutionary‐just a grouch and a rebel by spite. Anatoly Durov was actually quite conservative in his tastes. When Max Reinhardt presented his spectacular, avant-garde production of ''Oedipus Rex'' in Moscow and St. Petersburg in 1911, Anatoly didn’t like it and deemed it decadent. He then went on to perform a heavy-handed parody of Reinhardt’s spectacle: it was a huge flop, and a sign that Durov had lost touch with his public.  
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In 1890, Anatoly and his usual menagerie embarked on a successful Western European tour that took them to Austria-Hungary, Germany, Spain, Italy, and France. Durov’s old prejudices came out in Germany, a country that revived memories of his debut at Circus Truzzi and whose authoritarian regime rubbed him the wrong way. At [[Zirkus Renz]], in Berlin, Anatoly played with his usual porcine partner, whom he had named Will for the occasion. According to the clown [[Béby Frediani]], the pig wore a Prussian helmet (''Helm'', in German) in the ring, and tried desperately to get rid of it. In his feinted attempts to keep him in check, Anatoly shouted at his pig, “Will, Helm!”  Wilhelm, of course, was the name of the Kaiser. Durov was arrested and not-so-politely asked to leave Berlin immediately.
  
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==The Final Years==
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Back in Russia, Anatoly began gradually to lose his appeal. His critical attitude toward the powers that be was purely negative. He appears to have been, by disposition, a disgruntled man who took pleasure in insulting those who made his life difficult—whether that be the mayor of a city or a simple policeman. But when the political landscape began to shift in ways one would think he would have approved of, he didn’t know what to make of it. He was by no means a revolutionary, just a grouch and a rebel. Anatoly Durov was actually quite conservative in his tastes. When Max Reinhardt presented his spectacular, avant-garde production of ''Oedipus Rex'' in Moscow and St. Petersburg in 1911, Anatoly deemed it decadent. He then went on to perform a heavy-handed parody of Reinhardt’s spectacle: it was a huge flop, and a sign that Durov had lost touch with his public.
  
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Towards the end of his life, Anatoly had become a bitter, lonely man. Once, for the New Year, he sent a telegram to the management and artists of Circus Ciniselli: “Anatoly Durov congratulates the Director and Artists on this New Year,” an unusual gesture on his part, and a disguised way to remind them that he was free for the upcoming season, and looking for contracts.
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===The Final Years===
  
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The clown Alperov, who performed with Anatoly at Circus Salamonsky at that time remembers: “When I came to his dressing room, he was sitting on his chair, his head thrown back, not speaking to anyone. It was a shocking sight. Twenty days later, there was a benefit for Durov, and the Box Office was shedding tears. Then someone threw a broom wrapped in newspapers into the ring.” It was a sad reminder from the audience that it was time for Anatoly Durov to leave the ring. In Moscow at least, Anatoly Durov had become a has-been.
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By the end of his life, Anatoly had become bitter and lonely. Once, for the New Year, he sent a telegram to the management and artists of Circus Ciniselli: “Anatoly Durov congratulates the Director and Artists on this New Year”—an unusual gesture on his part, and a disguised way of reminding them that he was free for the upcoming season and looking for contracts.
  
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Anatoly Durov died of typhus in Mariupol (Ukraine), during an engagement with the circus of V. Z. Maksimiuk. True to himself until the end, Anatoly had just had an argument with his director: “Business is good, thank God!” wrote Maksimiuk to a friend, “Anatoly Durov worked in my circus, and I had one hundred and twenty problems with him. Right now Durov is very ill. A few days ago he made a scene and didn’t come to work, and he sent me a medical certificate through an attorney. Then I gave to the same attorney a letter in which I said I would call for a counter-examination. The forfeit sum was 1,000 rubles. Then Durov placed 30 cupping glasses on his back, which only increased his blood tension, and now he is really sick!” Indeed, Anatoly Durov was very sick, and he was eventually sent to the hospital, where he died on January 7, 1916.
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[[File:Anatoly_Durov_Statue.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Statue of Anatoly Durov in Voronezh (2008)]]The clown [[Sergei Alperov]], who performed with Anatoly at Circus Salamonsky at the time, recalled: “When I came to his dressing room, he was sitting on his chair, his head thrown back, not speaking to anyone. It was a shocking sight. Twenty days later, there was a benefit for Durov, and the Box Office was shedding tears. Then someone threw a broom wrapped in newspapers into the ring.” The broom said it all: It was a sad reminder from the audience that it was time for Anatoly Durov to leave the ring. In Moscow at least, Anatoly Durov had become a has-been.
  
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Of his first union (out of wedlock) with Tereza Stadtler (1866-1934), a German equestrienne who was the daughter of Johannes Stadtler, owner of the Bavarian Circus, Anatoly had three children: Maria Anatolievna (1891-?), who married the hand-balancer Vasily Vasilievich Milva (1884-1962); [[Anatoly Anatolievich Durov|Anatoly Anatolievich]] (1894-1928), who would be a virulent clown satirist like his father, before becoming an animal trainer; and Evlampiya Anatolievna, who married a pharmacist, Grigory Efimovich Schvenchenko. All three continued the [[Durov dynasty]]. Anatoly's second union with Elena Gertel (1873-1967), a German show swimmer, didn’t produce any children.
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Anatoly died of typhus in Mariupol, Ukraine, during an engagement with the circus of V.Z. Maksimiuk. True to himself until the end, Anatoly had just argued with his director. “Business is good, thank God!” wrote Maksimiuk to a friend. “Anatoly Durov worked in my circus, and I had one hundred and twenty problems with him. Right now Durov is very ill. A few days ago he made a scene and didn’t come to work, and he sent me a medical certificate through an attorney. Then I gave to the same attorney a letter in which I said I would call for a counter-examination. The forfeit sum was 1,000 rubles. Then Durov placed 30 cupping glasses on his back, which only increased his blood tension, and now he is really sick!” Indeed, Anatoly Durov was very sick: he was eventually sent to the hospital, where he died on January 7, 1916.
  
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Anatoly Durov was a well-educated man, an artist and a sculptor in his spare time, an occasional writer, and an art collector. In 1931, his remains were exhumed, incinerated, and his ashes were transferred to his house in Voronezh, which had been transformed into the Durov Museum, and which still stands today.  
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Of his first union (out of wedlock) with Tereza Stadtler (1866-1934)—a German equestrienne who was the daughter of Johannes Stadtler, owner of the Bavarian Circus—Anatoly had three children: Maria Anatolievna (1891-?), who married the hand-balancer Vasily Vasilievich Milva (1884-1962); [[Anatoly Anatolievich Durov|Anatoly Anatolievich]] (1894-1928), who would be a virulent clown-satirist like his father before becoming an animal trainer; and Evlampiya Anatolievna, who married a pharmacist, Grigory Efimovich Schvenchenko. All three continued the [[The Durov Dynasty|Durov dynasty]]. Anatoly had no children with his second pseudo-wife, Elena Gertel (1873-1967), a German show swimmer.
  
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Anatoly Durov was well-educated, an artist and a sculptor in his spare time, an occasional writer, and an art collector. In 1931, his remains were exhumed, incinerated, and his ashes were transferred to his house in Voronezh, which had been transformed into the Durov Museum. The museum still stands today. A statue of him by the sculptor Vano Arsenadze has been placed in the foyer of the State Circus of Voronezh.
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==See Also==
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* History: [[The Durov Dynasty]]
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* Biography: [[Vladimir Durov]]
  
 
==Suggested Reading==
 
==Suggested Reading==
  
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Анатолий Дуров (текстологическая полготовка В. В. Бойкова), ''В жиӡни и на арене'' (Moscow, Искүсство, 1984)
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* Анатолий Дуров (текстологическая полготовка В. В. Бойкова), ''В жиӡни и на арене'' (Moscow, Искүсство, 1984)
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* Ирина Бойкова, ''Анатолий Дуров: Король шутов, но не шут королей'' (Воронеж, Кварта, 2014)
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==Image Gallery==
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<Gallery>
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File:Nadejda_Durova.jpg|Nadezhda Durova
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File:Anatoly_Durov_Autograph.jpg|Anatoly Durov (c.1890)
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Image:Douroff_poster_(1891).jpg|Poster for Durov at the Folies Bergère, Paris (1891)
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File:Anatoly_Durov_(1891).jpg|Anatoly Durov in Germany (1891)
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File:Anatoly_Durov_(1892).jpeg|Anatoly Durov at Paris's Cirque d'Hiver (1892)
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File:Durov_Medal.jpeg|Durov Cmmemorative Medal (1891)
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Image:Anatoly_Durov.jpg|Anatoly Durov (c.1895)
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File:Anatoly_Durov_-_Buggy.jpg|Anatoly Durov (c.1900)
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File:Anatoly_Durov_Close-up.jpg|Anatoly Durov (c.1900)
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File:Mariupol_Circus.png|The Circus in Mariupol (c.1900)
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Image:Giacomino_and_A._Durov.jpg|Anatoly Durov (r.) with [[Giacomino]] (c.1910)
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File:Anatoly_Durov_Portrait.jpg|Anatoly Durov (1911)
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File:Anatoly_Durov_and_Cat.jpg|Anatoly Durov in ''Theatre in Caricatures'' (1913)
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File:Anatoly_Durov_(c.1910).jpg|Anatoly Durov (c.1915)
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File:Anatoly_Durov_Statue.jpg|Statue of Anatoly Durov in Voronezh (2008)
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</Gallery>
  
 
[[Category:Artists and Acts|Durov, Anatoly]]
 
[[Category:Artists and Acts|Durov, Anatoly]]
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[[Category:Clowns|Durov, Anatoly]]
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[[Category:Clowns|Durov, Anatoly]][[Category:Animal Trainers|Durov, Anatoly]]

Latest revision as of 21:20, 15 October 2024

Anatoly Durov.jpg

Clown

By Dominique Jando


The Durovs are among Russia’s most prestigious circus dynasties. From the brothers Vladimir and Anatoly Durov, the founders of the circus dynasty, to a host of Anatolys, Vladimirs, Yurys, Natalias, and Terezas, all bearing the Durov name, they have given the Russian circus an impressive number of talented clowns, animal trainers, and entertainment entrepreneurs—and a few actors too.

In Soviet circus lore, Anatoly and Vladimir Durov are often associated with the Bolshevik revolution. As clownGeneric term for all clowns and augustes. '''Specific:''' In Europe, the elegant, whiteface character who plays the role of the straight man to the Auguste in a clown team.-satirists who took an anarchistic stance against the autocratic tsarist government, they became popular heroes in the waning decades of the Russian Empire. The Soviet regime, always eager to play the populist card, did not hesitate to claim them as its own.

In fact, however, Anatoly Durov—the more virulent of the two brothers—was opposed to any form of authority; it's reasonable to assume, therefore, that, had he lived to see it, he would have rejected the authority of the Soviet regime. As for Vladimir, who became an iconic figure in the Soviet era, he eventually gave up clowning, came to specialize in animal training, and just followed the path of political correctness. For the Durovs, like most popular entertainers of their time, were first and foremost intent on surviving and succeeding, whatever the regime and the circumstances. As a matter of fact, the Durov family's origins clashed with Soviet ideology.

The Durov Family

Anatoly Leonidevich Durov was born on November 26, 1864 to a wealthy aristocratic family in Moscow. He was the fifth child and second son of Leonid Dmitrievich Durov (1832-67), a hereditary Lord from the Province of Moscow, who was an officer in the Moscow Police—a job he did more because he wanted to than because he had to. Anatoly’s brother, Vladimir Leonidevich (1863-1934), was his elder by a year.

The Durov name was well known in Russia: The family had already produced a celebrity, Nadezhda Durova (1783-1866). Remembered in Russian history as the Cavalry Girl, Nadezhda was Anatoly’s grandaunt. Dressed as a man, she had enrolled in a cavalry regiment to fight Napoleon’s advance in 1812. She is said to have received a medal from the hand of Field-Marshall Kutuzov, the man who had defeated Napoleon. Celebrated by Pushkin, Nadezhda eventually became a successful writer.

Anatoly Durov had three elder sisters: Margarita (1854-?); Konkordya (1860-?), among whose descendants is Lev Durov, the famous Russian actor; Lyudmila (1862-?); and a younger sister, Valentina (1866-1940). Anatoly’s mother, Maria Dmitrievna Durova (1833-1866), probably suffered from complications caused by Valentina’s birth: she died soon after, in 1866. Anatoly was only two years old at the time. Devastated, Anatoly’s father began to drink himself to death. He suffered from hallucinations and died a year later, in 1867.

Vladimir and Anatoly were put in the care of their godfather, Nikolai Zakharovich Zakharov, a wealthy and brilliant lawyer and occasional playwright, whose work had been produced successfully at the Maly Theater in Moscow. (He was also an inveterate gambler. He would eventually commit suicide over a gambling debt.) Zakharov sent Vladimir and Anatoly to a military academy. Likely it was at the academy that Anatoly developed his lifelong loathing for all forms of authority.

Circus Beginnings

The brothers much preferred circus acrobatics to academic studies and military exercises. This passion eventually led to their being expelled from the academy. Left to their own devices, Vladimir and Anatoly used the money their godfather had given them to hire as their teacher Angelo Briatore, an Italian acrobat from the troupe of Carl Magnus Hinné. Briatore taught them the basics of acrobatics in the old way: with much whipping. When Zakharov discovered the physical abuse, he got rid of Briatore.

Around 1878, Otto Kleist, a balagan(Russian) A fairground booth or theater. acrobat, taught Vladimir and Anatoly a trapeze act. The following year, the brothers made their performing debut in the balagan(Russian) A fairground booth or theater. of V.A. Weinstok in Tver’, a city north of Moscow. They also worked in the balagan(Russian) A fairground booth or theater. of Rinaldo, a magician, before finally joining the Robinson-Nicolet troupe—a significant step up, given that the troupe worked in circuses. They left Robinson-Nicolet in 1881 after Anatoly had an argument with his employers—the first of many arguments that would plague Anatoly’s career. It was probably because of Anatoly's temperament that the brothers separated.

Anatoly Durov in the ring (c.1900)
After leaving Robinson-Nicolet, Anatoly auditioned for the Italian director Massimiliano Truzzi, who had created one of Russia’s most important circus companies and was looking for a solo clownGeneric term for all clowns and augustes. '''Specific:''' In Europe, the elegant, whiteface character who plays the role of the straight man to the Auguste in a clown team.. Lacking any clowning experience, Anatoly improvised on classic material, mostly spoken, and got the job. He made his debut in 1882 with Truzzi, in his circus in Voronezh, a city Anatoly would eventually make his home.

Truzzi’s troupe, which was mostly composed of German performers, used young Anatoly as the butt of their jokes, for which Anatoly showed precious little sense of humor: he would develop a lifelong anti-German sentiment, even though the mother of his children would be a German equestrienneA female equestrian, or horse trainer, horse presenter, or acrobat on horseback.. As was becoming a habit of his, Anatoly left Truzzi over an argument in 1884. He then hassled the great German director Albert Schumann, who was renting Hinné’s old circus in Moscow, to get a job as a clownGeneric term for all clowns and augustes. '''Specific:''' In Europe, the elegant, whiteface character who plays the role of the straight man to the Auguste in a clown team.. His insistence paid off. At last he had reached Moscow—the big time. The talented and tenacious Anatoly was on his way to stardom.

Meanwhile, in 1881, Vladimir found work as an assistant animal trainer in Hugo Winkler’s menagerie, which had settled on Tsvetnoi Boulevard in Moscow. He became an able trainer of small animals, and in 1884, following in his brother’s footsteps, he began to perform as a clownGeneric term for all clowns and augustes. '''Specific:''' In Europe, the elegant, whiteface character who plays the role of the straight man to the Auguste in a clown team., using trained animals as partners, which greatly irritated Anatoly. From the outset, Anatoly had used a pig and other animals as comedy partners in his act, and they would become a Durov trademark. For the rest of his life, Anatoly would consider his brother a thief and competitor; the relationship between them rapidly deteriorated.

Anatoly vs. Vladimir

The brothers' success as clowns-satirists came from the fact that, unlike other clowns in Russia, who were mostly Italian or French, or came from the unrefined balagans(Russian) Fairground booths or theaters., they could express himself in crisp, articulate Russian. They also had an intensely Russian sense of humor, and they could easily convey their wit in a manner other clowns couldn’t match. Anatoly used a direct, in-your-face, occasionally insulting brand of humor, without fear of the consequences. As a result, he would often have serious problems with local authorities—and not only in Russia.

Anatoly Durov (1911)
Over the years, Anatoly also developed an extravagant off-stage persona: he traveled with an entourage that consisted of his wife (or "legitimate mistress," for he never married his companions, Tereza Stadtler and, later, Elena Gertel), his mistress of the moment, and a pair of twin menservants who were always tall and exotic—Asian, Indian, or African—and who changed every year. When, at the peak of his fame, Anatoly paraded into a new town with his retinue, the local circuses couldn’t hope for a more effective publicity stunt.

In the ring, Anatoly’s clown character evolved over the years from a classic clownGeneric term for all clowns and augustes. '''Specific:''' In Europe, the elegant, whiteface character who plays the role of the straight man to the Auguste in a clown team.—one not very different, physically, from other clowns of his time—to what would eventually become the Durov image: a traditional whiteface clown costume, with sequin ornaments, a white collerette and a small shoulder cape, and practically no makeup. He would enter the ring with great ceremony, walking around and acknowledging his audience, and then he would launch into a monologue, after which he would play up the attitudes of his animals. Vladimir would adopt a very similar style.

When, around 1884, their godfather saw the brothers perform, he suggested they resume their education—which Vladimir did: he graduated from a teachers’ college and audited the classes of neurophysiologist Ivam Mikhailovich Sechenov, "the father of Russian physiology," who, with Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, studied animal reflexes. In 1887, Vladimir returned to the circus, however, and made his debut as a full-fledged clownGeneric term for all clowns and augustes. '''Specific:''' In Europe, the elegant, whiteface character who plays the role of the straight man to the Auguste in a clown team.-satirist and animal trainer at Circus Salamonsky in Moscow, Russia’s second most prestigious circus, after St. Petersburg’s Circus Ciniselli.

Vladimir, wittier and more creative than his brother, became in time the more successful of the two; his talent as an animal trainer was also a significant factor in his success. Anatoly's increased use of animals in his act was mostly an attempt to keep pace with his brother, and he was often criticized for promising more than he was capable of delivering: when he was performing at Circus Baranski, for instance, someone complained that instead of the troupe of animals he had advertised, he had “only a couple of rats and a pelican.” Unlike Vladimir, Anatoly used only a handful of animals (pigs, geese, and turkeys were his favorites), and what he did with them remained basic in terms of pure training. He would always be first and foremost a clownGeneric term for all clowns and augustes. '''Specific:''' In Europe, the elegant, whiteface character who plays the role of the straight man to the Auguste in a clown team..

In 1913, Vladimir and Anatoly performed at the same time in St. Petersburg, Vladimir at the Cirque Moderne, where he had staged Pushkin’s fables, and Anatoly at Circus Ciniselli. Vladimir got better reviews, one of which stated: “The biggest success was Vladimir’s, whose animal training was much better, and jokes were funnier.” This didn’t please Anatoly, whose response showed more spite than wit: since Vladimir was announced as "the Elder Durov," Anatoly asked to be advertised as "the Older Elder Durov."

In And Out of Russia

Durov in Paris (1891)
In the ring, Anatoly remained the more caustic of the two brothers. Vladimir’s true calling was animal training, and this would increasingly become his principal activity. But Anatoly’s acerbic jokes against the police, the bureaucrats, the aristocracy—against any kind of established authority—eventually landed him in serious trouble, to the point where he found it wise to leave Russia for a time.

In 1890, Anatoly and his usual menagerie embarked on a successful Western European tour that took them to Austria-Hungary, Germany, Spain, Italy, and France. Durov’s old prejudices came out in Germany, a country that revived memories of his debut at Circus Truzzi and whose authoritarian regime rubbed him the wrong way. At Zirkus Renz, in Berlin, Anatoly played with his usual porcine partner, whom he had named Will for the occasion. According to the clown Béby Frediani, the pig wore a Prussian helmet (Helm, in German) in the ring, and tried desperately to get rid of it. In his feinted attempts to keep him in check, Anatoly shouted at his pig, “Will, Helm!” Wilhelm, of course, was the name of the Kaiser. Durov was arrested and not-so-politely asked to leave Berlin immediately.

Back in Russia, Anatoly began gradually to lose his appeal. His critical attitude toward the powers that be was purely negative. He appears to have been, by disposition, a disgruntled man who took pleasure in insulting those who made his life difficult—whether that be the mayor of a city or a simple policeman. But when the political landscape began to shift in ways one would think he would have approved of, he didn’t know what to make of it. He was by no means a revolutionary, just a grouch and a rebel. Anatoly Durov was actually quite conservative in his tastes. When Max Reinhardt presented his spectacular, avant-garde production of Oedipus Rex in Moscow and St. Petersburg in 1911, Anatoly deemed it decadent. He then went on to perform a heavy-handed parody of Reinhardt’s spectacle: it was a huge flop, and a sign that Durov had lost touch with his public.

The Final Years

By the end of his life, Anatoly had become bitter and lonely. Once, for the New Year, he sent a telegram to the management and artists of Circus Ciniselli: “Anatoly Durov congratulates the Director and Artists on this New Year”—an unusual gesture on his part, and a disguised way of reminding them that he was free for the upcoming season and looking for contracts.

Statue of Anatoly Durov in Voronezh (2008)
The clown Sergei Alperov, who performed with Anatoly at Circus Salamonsky at the time, recalled: “When I came to his dressing room, he was sitting on his chair, his head thrown back, not speaking to anyone. It was a shocking sight. Twenty days later, there was a benefitSpecial performance whose entire profit went to a performer; the number of benefits a performer was offered (usually one, but sometimes more for a star performer during a long engagement) was stipulated in his contract. Benefits disappeared in the early twentieth century. for Durov, and the Box Office was shedding tears. Then someone threw a broom wrapped in newspapers into the ring.” The broom said it all: It was a sad reminder from the audience that it was time for Anatoly Durov to leave the ring. In Moscow at least, Anatoly Durov had become a has-been.

Anatoly died of typhus in Mariupol, Ukraine, during an engagement with the circus of V.Z. Maksimiuk. True to himself until the end, Anatoly had just argued with his director. “Business is good, thank God!” wrote Maksimiuk to a friend. “Anatoly Durov worked in my circus, and I had one hundred and twenty problems with him. Right now Durov is very ill. A few days ago he made a scene and didn’t come to work, and he sent me a medical certificate through an attorney. Then I gave to the same attorney a letter in which I said I would call for a counter-examination. The forfeit sum was 1,000 rubles. Then Durov placed 30 cupping glasses on his back, which only increased his blood tension, and now he is really sick!” Indeed, Anatoly Durov was very sick: he was eventually sent to the hospital, where he died on January 7, 1916.

Of his first union (out of wedlock) with Tereza Stadtler (1866-1934)—a German equestrienneA female equestrian, or horse trainer, horse presenter, or acrobat on horseback. who was the daughter of Johannes Stadtler, owner of the Bavarian Circus—Anatoly had three children: Maria Anatolievna (1891-?), who married the hand-balancer Vasily Vasilievich Milva (1884-1962); Anatoly Anatolievich (1894-1928), who would be a virulent clownGeneric term for all clowns and augustes. '''Specific:''' In Europe, the elegant, whiteface character who plays the role of the straight man to the Auguste in a clown team.-satirist like his father before becoming an animal trainer; and Evlampiya Anatolievna, who married a pharmacist, Grigory Efimovich Schvenchenko. All three continued the Durov dynasty. Anatoly had no children with his second pseudo-wife, Elena Gertel (1873-1967), a German show swimmer.

Anatoly Durov was well-educated, an artist and a sculptor in his spare time, an occasional writer, and an art collector. In 1931, his remains were exhumed, incinerated, and his ashes were transferred to his house in Voronezh, which had been transformed into the Durov Museum. The museum still stands today. A statue of him by the sculptor Vano Arsenadze has been placed in the foyer of the State Circus of Voronezh.

See Also

Suggested Reading

  • Анатолий Дуров (текстологическая полготовка В. В. Бойкова), В жиӡни и на арене (Moscow, Искүсство, 1984)
  • Ирина Бойкова, Анатолий Дуров: Король шутов, но не шут королей (Воронеж, Кварта, 2014)

Image Gallery

  • Nadezhda Durova

  • Anatoly Durov (c.1890)

  • Poster for Durov at the Folies Bergère, Paris (1891)

  • Anatoly Durov in Germany (1891)

  • Anatoly Durov at Paris's Cirque d'Hiver (1892)

  • Durov Cmmemorative Medal (1891)

  • Anatoly Durov (c.1895)

  • Anatoly Durov (c.1900)

  • Anatoly Durov (c.1900)

  • The Circus in Mariupol (c.1900)

  • Anatoly Durov (r.) with Giacomino (c.1910)

  • Anatoly Durov (1911)

  • Anatoly Durov in Theatre in Caricatures (1913)

  • Anatoly Durov (c.1915)

  • Statue of Anatoly Durov in Voronezh (2008)

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